BackgroundPsychological distress/morbidity is amongst the primary reason for the cause of pain at multiple sites, its progression, and recovery. Though still not very clear if physical pain in the neck or the back may predict psychological morbidities or not. Thus, we investigated the association between combined neck or back pain and psychological distress/morbidity.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, including 1,003 individuals. The questionnaire comprised of General Health Questionnaire-12 and some questions about neck and back pain. Data analysis (...) was done using statistical software SPSS version 26.0.ResultsThe results of the multivariate analysis revealed a significant positive association between neck/back pain status and total GHQ score. Having neck/back pain had almost a 2.5 times greater risk of psychological distress/morbidity. Further, females were more likely to have a higher risk of psychological distress/morbidity than males while adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.ConclusionThe combination of neck and back pain was significantly associated with the Saudi population’s psychological problems. Therefore, the Saudi government needs to devise high-risk strategies and allocate adequate resources to the cause so that at-risk people can be shielded from the adverse complications arising from this condition in the long run. (shrink)

A critical edition of "Tahdhīb Al-Akhlāq", a treatise ascribed to the Jacobite theologian, logician, and translator in Abbasid period, Yahya ibn Adi.

Günümüzde hızla yayılan, insanların hayat kalitesini ve mutluluğunu olumsuz olarak etkileyen yalnızlık, özellikle Amerika ve Avrupa’da en önemli toplumsal sorunlardan birine dönüşmüştür. İngiltere’de yalnızlıktan sorumlu bakanlık kurulmasına kadar varan bu olgunun, Türkiye’de özellikle genç nesli temsil eden üniversite öğrencilerinde ne düzeyde olduğu, bu araştırmanın temel araştırma konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Ordu üniversitesinin değişik fakültelerinde öğrenim gören 416 öğrenci örneklemi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Anket formunda; UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği, dini başa çıkma ve hayat memnuniyeti ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıların bireysel dindarlık algıları ve (...) sosyal medya kullanım düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik sorular oluşturulmuştur. SPSS istatistik programıyla yapılan analizler sonucunda; dindarlık algısı ile yalnızlık, olumsuz dini başa çıkma, sosyal medyada görünürlük düzeyi ve kullanılan sosyal medya sayısı arasında negatif yönde; dindarlıkla olumlu dini başa çıkma arasında ise pozitif yönde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öznel dindarlık algısı cinsiyet üzerinde farklılığa açmazken, hayat memnuniyeti üzerinde farklılığa yol açtığı anlaşılmıştır. Yalnızlık ile olumlu dini başa çıkma, hayat memnuniyeti ve mesajlaşma arasında negatif yönde ilişki ve etkileşim tespit edilirken, hayat memnuniyeti ile olumlu dini başa çıkma arasında pozitif, olumsuz dini başa çıkma arasında negatif yönde ilişki ve etkileşimin varlığı bulgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma birçok değişkenin birbiri ile ilişki ve etkileşimini ele alması bakımından önemlidir. (shrink)

En prenant le mouvement entre les quatre discours de Lacan comme catégorie analytique, l’article développe un cadre pour étudier les transformations de la subjectivité capitaliste comme l’effet surdéterminé des relations (régressives ou progressives) entre les quatre discours et non comme la réalisation d’un discours isolé. Même le cinquième discours (« discours capitaliste »), dont le circuit fermé paraît bloqué par la structure dynamique des quatre discours, doit être pris de façon différentielle, selon les conditions respectives des sujets divisés et exclus (...) (comme le prolétariat). La formalisation dans les quatre discours (+1) de Lacan n’a pas seulement un rapport d’homologie avec la critique par Marx de l’économie politique classique ; elle la complète également. Elle permet d’articuler les économies psychiques personnelles avec les économies libidinales sociales, et de relier le lieu « privé et anonyme » de la clinique à l’espace « public » de l’analyse psychosociale. (shrink)

In addition to addressing fundamental theological issues such as tawhid, prophethood, and the Hereafter, the Qur’an also includes numerous rulings aimed at organizing individual and social life. One of the subjects addressed within this framework is kafārah. Kafārahs are worship-based sanctions prescribed to atone for the violation of religious and moral obligations. These practices serve multiple functions, such as disciplining the soul, drawing the individual closer to divine forgiveness, and maintaining social balance. Given that kafārahs possess not only individual but (...) also social, economic, and psychological functions, it is important to examine the issue from a multidimensional Qur’anic perspective. The aim of this study is to understand the expiatory rulings mentioned in the Qur’an and, in particular, to reveal the individual and social objectives they seek to achieve. In this context, it is emphasized that kafārah should not be regarded merely as a punitive measure, but also as a form of worship, a means of spiritual purification, and a tool for establishing social order. This article discusses the concept of kafārah, its types, and its purposes, thereby offering a detailed analysis of the place, objective, and function of kafārah in the Qur’an. The study is based on a qualitative research methodology. Verses in the Qur’an related to expiation have been identified and analyzed in light of both classical and modern tafsīr literature, as well as relevant academic research. As a result, it is concluded that the expiatory rulings in the Qur’an are not solely mechanisms for individual purification, but also serve multifaceted purposes with biological, sociological, and economic dimensions. (shrink)

Cultural values, social norms, and institutional trust shape human decision-making, influencing how individuals respond to behavioral interventions. While nudge experiments have been widely tested in Western societies, their effectiveness often fails to extend beyond these contexts. Replications in non-Western settings yield divergent results, highlighting the cultural contingency of nudges and their limited external validity. This paper draws on 4E cognition and meshed-architecture theory to argue that culture is not a background “moderator” but a constitutive element of the cognitive system that (...) any intervention must traverse. A comparative review of empirical evidence on organ-donation defaults, in-group cooperation, and charitable giving shows that identical choice-architecture tweaks can elicit acquiescence, indifference, or reactance depending on cultural considerations. These findings underscore a design imperative for behavioral public policy: external validity must be treated as a design problem—requiring iterative cultural calibration—rather than as a simple ad hoc experimentation or sampling concern. By reframing culture as a cognitive filter instead of an exogenous variable, the paper provides a theoretical basis and practical guidelines for crafting experiments and behavioral policies that are contextually intelligible and effective. (shrink)

Hegel's reading of Hafez as part of his Berlin aesthetics lectures. The jargon of the prosaic world -/- This essay deals with Hegel's reading (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770 - 1831) of Hafez' poetry (Moḥammad Schams ad-Din Hafez Schirazi, around 1315 - 1390) during his lectures on the Aesthetics or Philosophy of Art at the University of Berlin (1820/21; 1823; 1826; 1828/29). Hegel's writings, Lectures on Aesthetics, were published from his remains by Heinrich Gustav Hotho (1802 - 1873) in three (...) volumes (1835 - 1838) and in a second edition from 1842 onwards. The posthumously published writings of Hegel are, considering the preserved archive material and the unreliable editing work by Hotho, a thoroughly complex research topic. Therefore, this problem area also forms the starting point of the present analysis of Hegel's reading of Hafez. -/- Within the framework of this essay, Hegel's categories of historical frameworks (Symbolic, Classical, and Romantic Art), especially that of the "Symbolic Art", are examined in his lectures on Aesthetics . This will do in three steps: starting with the current state of research, problematizing of Hegelian concepts in his Lectures on Aesthetics like "oriental Pantheism" or Vorkunst, ("the threshold of art" or "praeambula": T. M. Knox' translation, 1975, part I); extending the discussion by focusing on similarities and differences between Hegel's reading of Goethe (part II) and Hegel's reading of Hafez (part III) in his Berlin Aesthetics Lectures of the 1820's. For this purpose, material from Goethe's literary remains (II), as well as a masterpiece of Dutch painters van Eyck analyzed by Hegel (Ghent Altarpiece) during his lectures (III), will be included in the analysis and explored from an interdisciplinary and intercultural perspective. In doing so, Goethe's “Space of Experience and Horizon of Expectation” (Koselleck) in imitating Arabic script and calligraphy (II) is linked to Hegel's reading of Hafez during his Berlin lectures on aesthetics (III). Thus, a dialogue of cultures unfolds between poetry and philosophy. The main questions are: How does the German philosopher Hegel interpret and receive Hafiz's poetry in the context of German idealist philosophy as a topic of his lectures on aesthetics? What epistemological aspects can be gained from Hegel's reading of Hafez for a cultural studies analysis, especially regarding the history of the ideas? In addition to analyzing the historical aspects, the aim is also to uncover new perspectives in order to look with Hafez and Rumi at Hegel's problem child of ‘history’. Of particular interest are epistemological aspects and problems of reception and translation studies in sense of interdisciplinary and intercultural research (e. g. connected/entangled histories; boundary objects). Interculturality is understood in the context of the present essay as a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework in the sense of entangled histories research work interwoven with communication, aesthetic and cultural techniques approaches or resilience studies in a historical perspective. (shrink)

The differences in qiraat recitation that emerged with the granting of the “seven letters” license have been passed down orally from generation to generation throughout history, maintaining their continuity and carrying this dynamic structure to the present day. In the course of its history, the qirāat have been classified by scholars from different perspectives, and this issue has been among the topics that have attracted the attention of everyone interested in the field. In this context, qiraat are basically evaluated in (...) two categories: sahih and shāz. The concept of shāz, which shapes the focus of the study, has always been one of the important topics in the science of qiraat. It is understood that one of the definitions of qiyas, which have been defined in different ways in various aspects over time, has emerged in the context of the definition of the Qur'ān, which is mostly expressed by the methodologists. For the conditions stated in this definition, namely “being found between the two covers of the Mushaf” and “being mutawatir,” have been the decisive factors taken into account in identifying shāz qirāat. It is known that Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), one of the leading figures of the science of tafsīr, put forward many of his views on different subjects in his tafsīr entitled Mefātīh al-ghayb. In this work, in which he gives a great deal of space to the differences of qirāat, the commentator also uses remarkable expressions in terms of shāz qirāats. It is understood that al-Rāzī mostly evaluated the qirāats in the context of the above-mentioned conditions and took a different attitude towards them by defining those that do not meet these characteristics as shāz. The main objective of this study will be to reveal al-Rāzī's perception of and approach to the qiyas in terms of evidence. In addition, for a more accurate understanding of the commentator's views, the view of the Shāfi'ī sect, to which al-Rāzī belonged, towards the Shāfi'ī qirāat will also be examined to the extent required by the subject and the limits of the subject. In this way, it will be understood in which issues and to what extent both al-Rāzī and the Shāfi'ī madhhab he represented took into account the qiyas in terms of evidence. In order to achieve these goals, the article first provides some basic information and evaluations about the qirāat. Then, the views of the author and the madhhab he represented on the qirāat and his views on shāz qirāat are mentioned. As a result of this study, it can be said that al-Rāzī did not have a fixed attitude towards the shāz qirāat and that he was in favor of utilizing these qirāat in different ways as long as they did not contradict the authentic qirāats. However, it is seen that his positive attitude completely changed at the point of evaluating shāz qirāat as a proof. In this context, al-Rāzī explicitly states in many places that shāz qirāat cannot be evidence in fiqh matters because they lack the condition of tawātur. (shrink)

One would not expect a Hanbalī doctor to use philosophy against other theologians, yet this is just what Ibn Taymiyya (d. Damascus, 728/1328) does in his Averting the Conflict between Reason and [religious] Tradition (ed. M. R. Sālim, v. 10–87). In order to refute the Mu'tazilī negation of the divine attributes, he quotes the hermeneutical pages of Avicenna’s Epistle for the Feast of the Sacrifice and comments on them at length. Though he finally refuses Avicenna’s philosophy of the prophetic predication, (...) he praises some of his attacks on negationist Kalām and makes them his own—against e.g. Abū l-Husayn al-Basrī, whose Sources of the Proofs he also quotes and discusses.This translation of Ibn Taymiyya’s commentary on the Adhawiyya is the first into a European language; it is accompanied by notes including original English versions of various other Taymiyyan texts. The introduction examines the fate of Avicenna’s epistle in Islamic thought and underlines the importance of Ibn Taymiyya’s commentary as, first, a milestone on the road that led to its transmission to Europe by Andrea Alpago’s Latin translation (1546); second, a testimony on the destiny of falsafa under the Mamlūks; and, third, a work illuminating the evolution of hermeneutics and philosophy of prophethood from Avicenna to Averroes.Appendices explore (i) the scientific personality of Alpago’s mentor in Damascus, the ‘shaykh of the physicians’ Ibn al-Makkī (d. 938/1532); (ii) Ibn Taymiyya’s knowledge of Abū Ya'qūb al-Sijistānī’s thought; and (iii) his typology of absolute existence. (shrink)

In der Verfilmungsgeschichte Thomas Manns, der auch in dieser Hinsicht zu den bestrezipierten Autoren der Weltliteratur gehört, wurde Der Zauberberg erst einmal und relativ spät umgesetzt. Das unterscheidet ihn von der Verfilmungskarriere insbesondere des anderen Romans, mit dem sich sein Autor in den Kernkanon eingeschrieben hat, seines überhaupt ersten, aber selbst noch seines zweiten, weit weniger berühmten. Als die Erstausgabe des Zauberberg erschien, noch zur Stummfilmzeit, waren Die Buddenbrooks (1923) bereits im Kino angekommen – um allein in Deutschland noch drei (...) weitere Male verfilmt zu werden –, mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert vor der Zauberberg-Verfilmung. (shrink)

Background Triage in the emergency department (ED) is a crucial procedure that establishes the urgency of patient care based on symptoms at presentation. Although the efficacy of triage nurse training programs varies, their goal is to increase the precision and efficiency of their decision-making. Aim With a focus on research done between 2019 and 2024, the systematic review attempts to evaluate the effect of training programs on the accuracy and efficiency of triage nurses in emergency departments. Method We conducted a (...) thorough search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to find pertinent research. Studies assessing training treatments for triage nurses and reporting accuracy and efficiency-related results were included in the inclusion criteria. Both the quality assessment and data extraction were carried out separately by two reviewers. Result Ten studies that used a range of triage training techniques and covered a variety of geographic areas satisfied the inclusion criteria. Research findings consistently showed that, despite variations in study designs and outcome measures, training programs increased triage accuracy and efficiency. Interventions included clinical decision support system integration, training based on simulation, and conventional classroom-based instruction. Conclusion By increasing decision-making efficiency and accuracy in patient evaluation, training programs greatly improve the performance of triage nurses in emergency departments. To improve comparability and support evidence-based policies, future research must standardize training methodologies and outcome measurements. (shrink)

Gottfried Keller’s reservations about the church and religion, which remarkably did not stand in the way of his installation as a national writer or at least were partly overlooked in the course of a self-congratulatory reception, can be studied in the prime example of the famous novella interlude of Meretlein, as it is found in both versions of Green Henry. The investigation of the interlude here is based on the various media and sources which shaped the novel character. The conglomerate (...) in which they come together in this character is unraveled by recourse to the earlier and earliest literature on Keller. (shrink)

The ethnic-Chinese business is often characterised by a central role of the family both in the structure of the firm and in its corporate culture. This has political, social as well as cultural reasons. The centrality of the family in business has its advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it enables a fast, efficient and flexible process of decision-making. On the other hand, it often contradicts modern business professionalism. The younger generation of ethnic-Chinese business actors tend to preserve crucial (...) elements of such family-centred characteristics. Yet, globalisation drives them to transform their business style, lessening its dependence on family resources and adopting more-modern professional ideas. Changes in current political situation, religious-cultural trend, demography and education contribute to making possible the transformation. (shrink)

Etebarian theory of Tabatabei is one of the most important inventions of Islamic philosophy in the modern age. In this theory, Tabatabaei has dealt with how the concepts of practical intellect are formed and considers basic concepts of practical philosophy. Thus, he does not regard the argument as current in etebarian. In other words, practical philosophy is not a discursive science. Whether Etebarian Theory is rooted in Islamic philosophy or not is something the authors have paid close attention to. In (...) this regard, some scholars believe that Etebarian Theory is influenced by epistemological changes of the new philosophy in Europe, while others consider it an innovation merely. The authors believe that Etebarian Theory is somehow a continuation of Avicenna’s view of practical philosophy arguments as conventional propositions. Unlike Al-Farabi, Avicenna does not associate the mind in practical area with self-evident arguments. As a result, he has brought practical philosophy out of the circle of discursive sciences. So, in this article, the authors closely look at existing documents and works of Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Tabatabaei and by describing and analyzing them, tries to prove the continuation of Avicenna’s view of practical philosophy arguments as conventional propositions with Etebarian Theory of Tabatabaei. (shrink)

This research focused on one of the messages in the Lord’s Prayer, particularly Matthew 6:12 about prayer for forgiveness and forgiveness to others in order to suggest a concept revision for the sake of a rather normative modern Arabic audience. In the Smith-Van Dyck version, asking God for forgiveness serves as the basis for forgiving sinners by using the present and future form of the verb نغفر كما (as we will forgive). This translation is in contrast to 1881 Jesuit Arabic (...) Bible, which used the past tense غفرنا كما and أعفينا فقد (as we have forgiven) as written in the Greek Bible as ὀφειλήματα ‘debts’ by referring to the debt metaphor. This study examined the Arabic translation of Matthew 6:12 in the perspective of Nida and Taber’s semantic adjustments. In light of the research findings, it was clear that the semantic adjustment and grammatical adjustment in the translation did not run on the grammatical structure of the Arabic language. The translation into Arabic also did not comply with the original source of the text, but it was accentuated by the interpretation of ‘debts’ into ‘sins’.Contribution: In conclusion, this fact can be seen from the choice of the word ‘نغفر’ and the use of the future tense (fi’l muḍār’i) as opposed to the source text that uses the past tense (fi’l māḍy). (shrink)

Some clerics (ulama) in the Islamic world are of the view that practical politics is closely related to Islam, which regulates how an order of state is run. This view historically departs from Islamic constitutional jurisprudence texts that justify political Islam. Likewise, some Islamic boarding schools’ (pesantren) clerics, better known as kyai in Indonesia, are of the view that practical politics is not only a world affair but also an activity based on the application of Islamic legal principles in achieving (...) public welfare. This study aims to determine the academic basis of pesantren ulama in making decisions to be active in practical politics in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach through interviews, the results of this study indicate that the political decisions of pesantren ulama are strictly based on the perspective of political Islam and fiqh principles that justify the involvement of ulama in politics. Furthermore, the conclusion leads to three perspectives in political motivations for pesantren’s ulama: to gain power, to preach Islamic values, and to demonstrate the existence of ulama in modern state administration.Contribution: The contribution of the study is to describe the permissibility of politics as an alternative to preaching and to show the existence and ability of ulama in state administration. (shrink)

Fake news detection involves predicting the likelihood that a particular news article is intentionally deceptive. Arabic FND started to receive more attention in the last decade, and many detection approaches demonstrated some ability to detect fake news on multiple datasets. However, most existing approaches do not consider recent advances in natural language processing, i.e., the use of neural networks and transformers. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of neural network and transformer-based language models used for Arabic FND. We examine (...) the use of neural networks and transformer-based language models for Arabic FND and show their performance compared to each other. We also conduct an extensive analysis of the possible reasons for the difference in performance results obtained by different approaches. The results demonstrate that transformer-based models outperform the neural network-based solutions, which led to an increase in the F1 score from 0.83 to 0.95, and it boosted the accuracy by 16% compared to the best in neural network-based solutions. Finally, we highlight the main gaps in Arabic FND research and suggest future research directions. (shrink)

Loneliness that has spread rapidly today and has adversely affected the quality of life and happiness of people, has become one of the most important social problems especially in America and Europe. This fact led to the establishment of a ministry responsible for loneliness in England, and this research comprises loneliness as one of the main research topics, to comprehend the level of loneliness among university students who are representatives of a young generation in Turkey. This study was conducted on (...) a 416 students sample from different faculties of the University of Ordu. In the questionnaire form; UCLA loneliness scale, religious coping and life satisfaction scales were used. In addition, questions were asked to determine the participants' perceptions of individual religiousness and social media use. As a result of analyzes made with SPSS statistical program; there is a negative relationship between perception of religiousness and loneliness, negative religious achievement, level of visibility in social media, and the number of social media in use; a positive relationship was found between religiousness and positive religious achievement. It has also been understood that the subjective perception of religiousness does not lead to a difference in gender but leads to a difference in life satisfaction. While a negative relationship between loneliness and positive religious coping, life satisfaction and messaging is detected, a positive satisfaction between life satisfaction and positive religious achievement, the negative relationship between negative religious coping and the presence of interaction was detected. This study is important in that many variables deal with each other and their interactions. (shrink)

This article presents, translates and discusses a previously unpublished letter written by Muḥammad Amīn, Imām Shāmil's third and most noteworthy emissary (nāʾib) to the Circassians. The letter was found in the Ottoman archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi) of the prime minister's office in Istanbul. The letter, dated 22 May 1854 (24 Shaʿbān 1270) and dispatched from Circassia, is addressed to the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Giritlı Mustafa Nâili Pasha. This article provides insight into the developments in the Caucasus during the Crimean War (...) (1853–1856), notably the competition between the Ottomans and the Russians for control of that region, and it also sheds new light on Shāmil's military strategy and on the activities and policies of his nāʾib with regard to the Circassians of the northwestern Caucasus. (shrink)